| Country: | Myanmar (Burma) |
| Details of Formation: | Following the 1962 coup, the government created the KKY militias to stabilise Shan state. In 1988 the KKY was brought back to support the military after a coup. There is no further evidence that the PGM has been terminated since then. |
| Details of Termination: | Existing literature reports that KKY militias were disbanded a decade after their creation. In 1988, the KKY was brought back to support the military after a coup. There is no further evidence that the PGM has been terminated since then. |
| Purpose: | KKY groups are intended to generate a more unified force from fragmented networks of local warlords’ militias. |
| Organisation: | The group was controlled by the state armed forces (specifically the Eastern Military Command, Shan State). |
| Weapons and Training: | -- |
| Size: | -- |
| Reason for Membership: | -- |
| Treatment of Civilians: | -- |
| Other Information: | Using government-controlled roads and towns in Shan State to smuggle Opium was explicitly permitted for the group. The government authorised this so that the group could maintain itself and would not need government funding. The meaning of the PGM’s name is “defence” and other groups were for instance located in Kokang or Loi Maw. |
| References: |
Eck, Kristine. 2015. “Repression by proxy: How military purges and insurgency impact the delegation of coercion.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(5): 924-946. Information was taken from news sources listed in the PGMD. Lintner, Bertil. 2000. “The Golden Triangle Opium Trade: An Overview”. Chiang Mai. Meehan, Patrick. 2015. “Fortifying or fragmenting the state? The political economy of the opium/heroin trade in Shan State, Myanmar, 1988–2013.” Critical Asian Studies 47(2): 253-282. Wikipedia. "Lo Hsing Han." https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lo_Hsing_Han&oldid=1072163879 |