| Country: | Haiti |
| Details of Formation: | After being officially disbanded in 1986 by the government of Lieutenant-General Henri Namphy when Jean Claude (Baby Doc) Duvalier was ousted as President, the Tonton Macoutes re-emerged as a pro government armed group that propped up the various military regimes throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was formally regrouped in 1994 in the face of a UN backed invasion to reinstall President Aristide. |
| Details of Termination: | The Tonton Macoutes continued to operate in various forms until as late as 1994. In the latter years they were increasingly affiliated with other pro government groups such as FRAPH. The exact date of their termination as a group is difficult to ascertain as the term Tonton Macoutes came increasingly to mean any supporter of the ousted Duvalier regime. However, the group ceased to be PGM when Aristide returned to power in October 1994 and passed a law prohibiting paramilitary groups. This has been used as a proxy termination date. The group ended being pro-government 1991-02-07, then turned pro-government again 1991-09-30. |
| Purpose: | The group was used to counter political opponents, i.e. Aristide supporters, diminishing threats to the authority of the military and police. Another goal was to assist the army in combating foreign attacks. |
| Organisation: | The group worked together with the army and it was associated with the FRAPH, another PGM. |
| Weapons and Training: | -- |
| Size: | -- |
| Reason for Membership: | -- |
| Treatment of Civilians: | The group prevented opposition protests by burning down houses and searching slums, targeting Aristide supporters. It disrupted one election in 1987. |
| Other Information: | Coded as created by government since the original Tonton (type 1) was created by Francois Duvalier. |
| References: | Information was taken from news sources listed in the PGMD. |